California is a global leader in climate policy, and its
goal of 100% clean energy by 2045 is now law in the 5th largest economy after
China, the US, Japan and Germany.
While the state has had a cap and trade program in place
since 2013, it has been the simplicity and directness of a mandate that has
most certainly reduced its carbon emissions as the percentage of renewable
energy has risen from almost nothing eight years ago to 40% in 2018, more
than beating its 2020 target of 33% by two years.
A mandate set in 2006 required that utilities purchase an
increasing percent of renewables each year from 2010, or face penalties. The
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is effective in gradually phasing-out fossil
fuels for electricity.
While national arguments on the merits of carbon taxes have
raged back and forth, a simple mandate has proven to steadily increase
renewable energy generation and lower carbon emissions in California every
year.
Contradictory climate policy
However, there are obstacles to meeting California’s new
target to get 100% clean energy by 2045.
“Permitting large scale solar and wind in California is
difficult – and expensive,” observed SolarReserve CEO Kevin Smith. “We do
not believe that California will be able to come anywhere close to meeting
their future goals unless they utilize projects both inside and outside of
California.”
Taking effect in 2016, a well intentioned initiative for
California, the Desert Renewable Energy and Conservation Plan (DRECP) has had a
dampening effect.
The goal of DRECP was to facilitate California renewable
permitting by locating renewables in sites that didn’t threaten wildlife and
had transmission access, while allowing for conservation and recreation.
But in practice, well-organized conservation groups and
off-road vehicle recreation groups so severely limited the land deemed suitable
for large scale renewable development, that the resulting compromise made it
much more difficult for California to meet its renewable energy target.
Under DRECP, sufficient land was made available to build
enough renewable energy to “help” power 8 million homes” by 2040, which is only a tiny
fraction of what is necessary to meet a 100% target in a population of 40
million even in 2018, and more by 2040.
Off-road vehicle recreation areas were favored over
renewables under DRECP. Imperial Sand Dunes Recreation Area IMAGE @Bureau of
Land Management BLM
A wider regional grid would help
There is considerably more land with easier permitting to
build renewables in California’s neighboring states, including Nevada and
Arizona.
Outgoing California Governor Jerry Brown tried to make signing the 100% renewable bill contingent on
being able to include AB 831 that would have allowed California to participate in a
Regional Transmission Operator (RTO), which would control and operate the
grid across multiple states.
Participating in an RTO would make California’s 100% clean
energy plan more achievable, by allowing a wider regional base for renewables.
“I think a regional RTO can help California meet its goals,
because you can integrate a lot more renewables by utilizing a regional grid,”
said the IEA’s Matthew Wittenstein, whose work focuses in part on cross border
power integration, including in South East Asia, where a proposed regional power
grid could eventually integrate all ten ASEAN member countries.
Wittenstein was previously with the DOE where he worked as
part of the Clean Energy Ministerial secretariat. There he helped launch the
21st Century Power Partnership, which shares best practices globally to support
power system transformation.
“I’m a big believer in regionalization,” Wittenstein said.
“You get synergies from reciprocity. For renewables deployment in particular,
bigger is better. If the wind is blowing in one place, but not blowing
somewhere else, and you connect those two places; you take advantage of those
differences. That works for the western US because its a physically very large
area, so it’s a very large resource base. You can do a lot.”
RECs are a mere “accounting exercise”
Despite Governor Brown’s support, the RTO bill failed to
pass. State utilities can still buy renewable energy certificates, or RECs from
wind or solar farms in distant states, but this makes renewable energy
procurement more of “an accounting exercise” as Wittenstein points out.
“What California needs to do is develop some kind of an
accounting mechanism where they can then match generation to load,” he
explained.
“This is one of the reasons that California wanted a RTO for
the region. Because if you have complete control of your system like PJM does,
then it is not a matter of accounting anymore. You can physically say here is
what we dispatched. Here’s what we consumed.”
However, with the plunge in PV prices, these out-of-state
RECs typically come from PV projects that generate in the middle of the day,
duplicating California’s already strong daytime solar generation.
But California needs to cover its evening ramp up as
in-state solar PV fades at sunset. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) can store
solar energy by day to deliver at any time.
California needs cost-effective storage next
“Going to 50% by 2030 and then increasing to 100% can only
be achieved with massive amount of energy storage. California’s “duck curve”
issue continues to be a significant problem,” said Smith.
SolarReserve is developing a massive multi-tower 2 GW CSP
project with 20,000 MWh/day of energy storage and plans to bid at “well under” $9 MWh in California from Nevada, which has
expedited permitting.
Smith proposes to deliver over the Nevada border directly
into California’s grid, having identified two possible points for
interconnection into California.The primary interconnection they are evaluating
is at Bishop, California, about 100 miles west/southwest of the Crescent Dunes
site in Nevada.
“California will require massive energy storage to meet the
future goals,” he added. “There are already periods when their utilities must
sell excess solar PV power to neighboring states at a loss, and that’s with the
renewable level ‘only’ in the current range, let alone increasing to 50% and
100%.”
CSP storage cost is under $30/kWh. But permitting CSP has
been difficult in the state, despite the good intentions of the Obama
administration which attempted to jumpstart CSP by fast-tracking an ambitious 5 GW ramp-up of
projects, mostly in California.
However, all but five of the proposed projects failed to
navigate a daunting minefield of permitting agencies, and fell out of queue,
unable to meet financing milestones on time, and their utility contracts got
cancelled.
Only two of the five included storage, the rationale for
CSP. SolarReserve’s 110 MW Crescent Dunes includes 1,100 MWh/day of storage in
Nevada, and Abengoa’s 280 MW Solana has 1,680 MWh/day of storage in Arizona.
E3 recently estimated for California utilities that the most
cost-effective way for California to meet its renewable targets would combine
out of state wind procurements and 11 GW of CSP, due to its cost-effective storage of 100% solar
energy.
However, having paid for the E3 study that determined that
CSP could provide the most cost-effective storage option, California utility
PG&E is instead building its largest battery project to date, by Texas
power producer and retailer Vistra Energy, to store 300 MW for 4 hours; 1,200 MWh/day, at a much higher cost.
Vistra projects a battery cost of around $200/kWh when it starts
building in 2020, much higher than the cost to build CSP storage, at $30/kWh.
Look to Morocco for climate policy?
Between land restrictions that clash with ambitious climate
targets, resistance to enabling a wider regional grid, permitting difficulties
that impede the cheapest storage option, and lack of coordination in clean
energy action, California’s climate policies threaten to be self-cancelling.
In California, as in America nationally, there is no one
agency responsible for ensuring that all the agreed-upon clean energy actions
get taken in a coordinated way to meet targets cost-effectively the way that
for example, Morocco’s state energy agency, MASEN has been
organized, with full responsibility for planning, siting, permitting, financing
and contracting for the clean energy it needs to meet its targets.
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